搶救老樹的101種方法 (下)

上個單元,我們看到樹醫師如何為樹木把脈治療,甚至動手術,不過褐根病可怕之處,就在於它總是無聲無息地從根部開始入侵樹木,等到葉子掉光,樹木內部多半也腐爛了,目前,全台灣從南到北都有褐根病疫情,有專家警告,這種高傳染力的褐根病,如果不好好地處理恐怕不到十年,台灣的土壤就會全被褐根病毒感染,只不過,要怎麼根治,有人提倡一切自然,我們帶您來看看。##

上禮拜我們看到,以燻蒸法用農藥為土壤殺菌這樣的外科手術,來根治罹患樹癌的樹,是農委會林業試驗所推廣的。但用農藥治病是必然嗎? 有位樹醫企圖要用自然醫學顛覆農藥治病的慣習。

南投日月潭,在它美麗的外表下,隱藏著危機,那就是遊憩區裡的樹,幾乎都有病。而日月潭風景管理處,請來中興大學園藝系副教授,劉東啟,來幫樹看病。

讓樹木起死回生,談何容易,但劉東啟有套獨創的治療方式,水刀療法。

劉東啟這根長1.5米的大水刀很神奇,因為它不傷害樹體。

[[中興大學園藝系 劉東啟 副教授]]
“這個1.5米的洞,一樣不會滲水,代表這裡的土壤,它的夯實是已經到達1.5米左右, 所以這個深度還不夠,我們要繼續再往下打,所以到底一棵樹的整治,它的土壤的深度要到多深呢,不是我們決定的,是土壤來決定”

用水刀打洞,土壤表面不會積水,這樣的水刀療法才有效果,看積水狀況就能研判療效,劉東啟靠得是救樹得來的經驗累積,那棵曾經讓他束手無策的大樟樹。

台中月眉糖廠旁的這棵大樟公,相傳已經有1400年的高齡, 是月眉的地標,但近幾年卻開始快速衰弱,地方人士十分憂心大樟公的健康,請了許多樹醫來醫治,還幫大樟公動了好幾次的外科手術。

在大樟公潰爛的部位,噴漆填入發泡樹脂、保麗龍,認為這樣的外科手術,就可以阻止潰爛,但劉東啟看了直呼不可思議。

[[中興大學園藝系 劉東啟 副教授]]
“這個部分在國外呢,已經有非常多的調查,沒有一棵樹, 做了外科手術是復原的,所以美國在1990年代,已經全面的禁止樹的外科手術,那我們也希望我們的政府,實驗單位跟樹木保育單位,不要再推動這樣的保育方法,因為這對樹只有害”

劉東啟知道,大樟公的問題,不在潰爛的傷口,而是鋪在地面上,自以為透水、透氣的石磚。

[[中興大學園藝系 劉東啟 副教授]]
“對於樹還在做透水鋪面,我們都認為透水鋪面是會透水,其實透水鋪面下面是夯實層,只有那塊磚是透水的,這樣子的在大樹附近做這樣的工程,我們政府認為是德政,其實這些磚,這些路就是殺手”

築花台、鋪透水磚, 讓樹原本的根頭,深埋在地底下一公尺半的地方,劉東啟最後想到,以強力水刀的方式來治療,也許能夠讓老樹恢復生機,這個想法獲得大樟公旁,福德祠委員會大力支持,砸了近三百萬,讓劉東啟做試驗,成就了治療樹木的水刀療法,最終也讓大樟公恢復生機

這樣的理念也感動了許多人,台中中興扶輪社就成立了救樹志工團 

[[台中中興扶輪社救樹團 許叔蓀 志工]]
“由扶輪社出面,號召一些志工跟他一起來救樹,但主要還是劉教授正確的技術,來指導我們,我們來做,那我們要把這個推廣出去”

不用藥物治療,而是盡可能運用樹木本身的自癒能力,這是劉東啟治樹的理念,水刀只是協助治療,他認為這個道理同樣適用於樹癌褐根病。

[[中興大學園藝系 劉東啟 副教授]]
“就像我們常常醫治一棵褐根病的樹,可是鄰近的樹全部都沒有褐根病啊,因為它沒有得褐根病的條件,而不是沒有這個孢子,孢子是土壤裡面到處都是的,所以褐根病基本都好發在哪裡,施作了大量的工程,或者是長期踐踏 硬土壤的樹”

劉東啟認為健康的樹,很難罹患褐根病,只有因為環境改變生長條件的樹,才有可能遭到褐根病菌入侵,他並強調使用邁隆殺死褐根病,是下下策。 

[[中興大學園藝系 劉東啟 副教授]]
“特別是說他(工人)在施作的時候,特別快速的燻蒸,揮發這個事情,但施作的人自己很痛苦,因為自己會受到藥劑的毒害”

根據日本的農藥字典顯示,邁隆屬於劇毒,在2001年就已經禁止使用。

怎麼醫治引發討論,怎麼修護也是大學問,比如大多地方政府,公園路燈工程管理處的錯誤修剪方式,導致樹木發生斷枝砸人或是倒塌的現象。農委會因此決定未來在樹醫培訓上要仿效日美,開設樹木修剪,養護等課程,建立專業證照的核發制度。

[[農委會林試所 黃裕星 所長]]
“所以我們希望能夠比照這樣的制度,把這些樹醫或是樹醫技師,這樣的一個制度建立起來,我們也跟勞委會曾經有過接觸,希望說他們在類似丙級技術士的訓練考照的時候,能夠把樹木養護,或者是樹木醫療,樣的科目加進去”

但林試所強調目前樹醫制度尚無定案,仍在規劃當中,只不過這個立意良善的樹醫證照制度,卻讓劉東啟很憂心。對劉東啟來說,救樹、醫樹不是一時,要把職業變職責,才能夠讓救樹接力賽有更多的參與者,可永續傳承。

Local expert experiments with natural treatment to save trees (2013/05/12)

Last week we examined how tree doctors save diseased trees through pesticides and pruning. Unfortunately, these procedures are of little help to trees suffering root damage. And according to tree expert Liu Dong-chi, root damage is the cause of most tree problems. Liu advocates a natural approach to saving roots which he feels can bring back health even to diseased trees. 

Last week we saw how fumigation and pesticides mixed in soil can help trees battle disease, a technique promoted by the Taiwan Forestry Research Institute. Some believe pesticides are the best method, but a tree doctor in Taiwan advocates natural treatments. 

Nantou’s Sun Moon Lake area is known for its beauty, but just under the surface is a hidden crisis. Almost every tree in this area is infected with disease. The Sun Moon Lake Scenic Area Administration has begun working with Liu Dong-chi, an associate professor at National Chung Hsing University, on ways to treat these trees. 

Bringing trees back to life may be something that is easier said than done. But Liu believes that a water cutting technique can do the trick.

Liu’s 1.5-meter long water jet is a novel device that does not hurt the trees.

Liu Dong-chi
National Chung Hsing University
Water won’t seep into the 1.5-meter hole, meaning the dirt is compacted to about 1.5 meters. The hole is not deep enough, so we need to continue going down further. When treating a tree, we don’t decide how deep into the soil to go. The soil decides this.

Using water jets to drill holes around these trees is only effective when water doesn’t gather on the surface. By looking at the water condition, Liu can determine if treatment was effective. He relies on experience gained over the years, always referring back to a large camphor tree that defied treatment.

Tradition has it that this camphor tree next to Taichung’s Yuehmei月眉 Sugar Factory is 1,400 years old. It is a local landmark. In recent years the tree has weakened, with local people worried about its health. A series of tree doctors were brought in, with many performing extensive treatment.

The tree doctors removed rotten parts and filled empty spaces with resin or Styrofoam. They believed this treatment would halt decay. Liu balked at it.

Liu Dong-chi
National Chung Hsing University 
Overseas there has been a lot of research into wound dressing to save trees and there hasn’t been a successful example. For this reason, the United States prohibited it in the 1990s. We hope that our government, laboratories and forestry conservation groups also stop using this method because it only harms the trees.

Liu believes the real problem is not in the rotting limbs but on the ground surface, in the rocks and bricks that are thought to be permeable to air and water.

Liu Dong-chi
National Chung Hsing University 
These permeable bricks are the problem. They look permeable to water, but the layer below has been compacted so water can only pass through the brick but no deeper. This construction near the tree is the problem. The government thought it was helping the trees, but these bricks are actually the main culprit.

Using permeable bricks to create this floral area has caused the tree’s roots to become buried 1.5 meters below the surface. Liu decided to use this water jet to help revive this old tree. A nearby temple contributed NT$3 million to the effort. The treatment proved successful and the tree was successfully revived.

Volunteers associated with Taichung’s Rotary Club are impressed with Liu’s methods of saving local trees

Hsu Hsu-sun
Rotary Club Volunteer 
The Rotary Club called for volunteers to help (Liu) rescue these old trees. What’s most important is the guidance we get from Dr. Liu’s correct technique. This is something we want to promote on a larger scale.

Not using medication, and only relying on the self-healing ability of the trees themselves, is a concept that Liu is promoting. Using a water jet to probe the roots of these trees is the simple principle that Liu hopes can stop the problem of brown root rot.

Liu Dong-chi
National Chung Hsing University 
We often treat a tree for brown root rot, but neighboring trees are not suffering from this problem because they are not susceptible to it. It is not the spores because they’re in the soil everywhere. It has to do with surrounding conditions and construction work. Many of these trees are suffering from long-term trampling of the soil.

Liu believes that a healthy tree cannot easily develop brown root rot and that trees only become sick after changes take place in the environment. He says pesticides like Dazomet should only be used as a last resort.

Liu Dong-chi
National Chung Hsing University 
(Workers) in the past used fumigation because it was fast. But it can be painful for the person who carries out the treatment because the high toxicity can cause the worker to also become poisoned. 

According to an entry in a Japan pesticide dictionary, Dazomet is highly toxic and its used was banned in 2001. 

Besides treating sick trees, many people feel there needs to be more debate on how to maintain healthy ones. In local governments pruning of trees is often carried out by people who manage parks and street lighting. They can make mistakes that cause trees to topple or branches to fall and hit people. The Council of Agriculture has suggested following the example of Japan and the United States in offering courses on tree pruning and maintenance. These courses would lead to professional licenses.

Huang Yu-hsing
Forestry Research Institute
We hope to follow these mechanisms to establish our own system for tree doctors and technicians. We have asked the Council of Labor Affairs to include tree maintenance or treatment in its training and testing programs for level 3 technicians.

The Forestry Research Institute says that this system has yet to be finalized. But Liu is concerned. He understands that the intents are good, but does not think a comprehensive system to save and treat trees can be implemented at once. He feels people need to consider treating trees as a duty rather than a profession. Then more people will participate in tree conservation, turning it into a sustainable pursuit.

文章出處 :民視英語新聞

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