目前分類:實用翻譯工具 (473)

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Advice when most needed is least heeded.
忠言逆言。

A fair face may hide a foul heart. (Fair face, foul heart.)
人面獸心。

A fault confessed is half redressed.
肯認錯是改過的一半。過則勿憚改

A fool and his money are easily parted.
愚人難聚財。

A fox smells its own lair first."
狐狸有臭己先聞。要刮別人鬍子前,先刮自己的。

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Absence makes the heart grow fonder.
小別勝新婚。

A burnt child dreads the fire.
受灼的小孩必怕火。
一朝被蛇咬,十年怕草繩。

A cat may look at a king.
君王卿相於我何關。
貓也可以打量國王,暗喻人人平等。
人皆可為堯舜帝王。切勿因為別人的經驗不如你多,就不讓他發表想法。

A chain is no stronger than its weakest link."

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A bad penny always comes back.
惡有惡報。

A bad shearer never had a good sickle.
劣工尤器。
拙劣的割草工人用不出好鐮刀。自己技術不好,再好的鐮刀也沒有用

A bad workman always blames his tools.
劣工尤器。
拙劣的工匠只會怪工具不好。

A bad workman quarrels with his tools
劣工尤器。

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渴了
Nodoga kawakimashita
餓了
Onakaga sukimashita
好吃/好喝
Oishiidesu
不好吃/不好喝
Oishikunaidesu
洗手間在哪裡
Toirewa dokodesuka
有座位嗎 Sekiwaaitemasuka
什麼時候有空位子 Itsu akimasuka
請讓我看看菜單 Meinyu o misetekudasai
有中文菜單嗎 Tyugokugo menyuwa arimasuka
請介紹一下特色菜 Osusumewa doredesuka
    oshietekudasai
這是什麼菜 Korewa nannoryoridesuka
我要和那個一樣的 Areto onajiryori o kudasai
有甜品嗎 Dezatowa arimasuka
有啤酒嗎 Biruwa arimasuka
請給我這個 Kore o kudasai
我要再加一個菜 Mohitotsu ryorinotyumon
    onegaishimasu
請給我換一個叉子 Foku(naifu.hashi) o kudasai
(刀子‧筷子)    
請給我一杯水 Omizu o kudasai
這個和我點的不一樣 Ryorito tyumonga chigaimasu
(我點的菜)還沒好嗎 Tyumon shitamonowa
    madadesuka
請換個煙灰缸 Haizara o torikaete kudasai
請結帳 Okantei o onegaishimasu
可以用信用卡結帳嗎 Konokurejittokadode
    kanteidekimasuka
請幫我打包 Tekuautode onegaishimasu

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Facebook’s Challenge and Future

臉書的下一步

閱讀暖身
今年2月華爾街最轟動的事是Facebook終於遞交初次公開集資(IPO)申請,市場上開始熱議臉書的價值,然而更多人關切的是IPO之後,祖克伯手上將有充裕銀彈,他的下一步是什麼?Facebook有可能超越Google,成為網路的新龍頭嗎?

進入本文前,請想想以下單字:(A)粗俗 (B)反對 (C)突進

Mark Zuckerberg, Facebook’s founder, has talked for years about the notion of a “social graph” which connects people to their friends and all of the things they are interested in. By encouraging hundreds of millions of people to share their deeds and reveal their innermost thoughts, (A) profane or profound, online, his company has in effect mapped a portion of this graph on its computers. These billions of electronic nodes and links will soon make a fortune for Zuckerberg, still only 27, who owns 28.4% of Facebook and will continue to control most of the voting rights. It will also enrich other shareholders, many of them employees.

Facebook創辦人馬克祖克伯不斷提到社群圖譜的概念,所謂社群圖譜就是連結人與朋友以及他們感興趣的所有事物。藉由鼓勵成千上萬的人在線上分享他們的最愛、粗俗或深刻的內心想法,祖克伯的公司已經有效地在電腦上描繪出部分的圖譜,這些電子節點與連結將讓祖克伯變得富有,他目前持有Facebook股權約28.4%,並且將繼續控制近乎多數表決權。Facebook的公開上市也會讓其他股東更加富裕,而這些股東很多是自家員工。

The bigger risk to Facebook is that growing concern over online privacy translates into a wave of legislation around the world that makes it far harder for the company to exploit the mountains of data it is collecting. That would throw a spanner into the works(1) of its money-spinning advertising machine. So far there has been little sign of such a (B) backlash, though governments are paying closer attention to privacy. America is thinking of creating a general consumer-privacy law and the European Union is updating its rules.

Facebook最大的危機是,網路隱私爭議擴大成為全球抵制浪潮,使該公司難以使用大量蒐集的各類資訊,也無法迅速成為獲利的廣告機器。按目前觀察,鮮少從網路上見到激烈反抗Facebook的跡象,但是各國政府正密切注意隱私侵犯的議題。美國正在研議制定一套消費隱私統合法案,另外歐盟也在更新相關規定。

Facebook and Google are increasingly in each other's wheelhouse(2). Google's social network- Google+ looked and functioned much like Facebook -- enabling users to post status updates, share links and upload photos. Right out of the gate(3), Google+ gained a lot of attention and a quick (C) onrush of users.

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Flying High with the Flick of a Joystick 用搖桿翱翔天際
 
The e-volo multicopter takes personal travel to new heights.
e-volo 多旋翼飛行器把個人旅行推向新境界。


  Who wouldn't like to walk out of their house, step into their own vehicle, and fly off into the sky Now, with the _(1)_ of a personal helicopter, a team of German professionals are close to making this happen.
  The e-volo multicopter is not your average helicopter by any means. First, it doesn't have just one propeller. Instead, it has a total of 16. Four are _(2)_ placed on each of the four metallic arms radiating out from the pilot's seat. Second, theuncovered ultralight aircraft weighs around 80 kilograms and can carry a loadequal to its own weight. Third, the e-volo is _(3)_ with an almost completelyautomatic on-board navigation system. The system manages everything from _(4)_ to altitude to balance. The multicopter itself is controlled entirely with a simple video game joystick. Finally, what makes this personal transport vehicle _(5)_ the typical helicopter is that it is powered solely by off-the-shelf lithium-ion batteries. Currently, the e-volo's flight time is _(6)_ to 20 minutes. The creators can _(7)_ that to more than an hour with the integration of a hybrid gas system or increased battery capacity.
  Recently, the engineering team _(8)_ completed a manned flight of their e-volo multicopter prototype. The _(9)_ flight lasted one minute and 30 seconds, with the vehicle taking offhovering, and landing. The design team is nowlooking into e-volo's _(10)_ applications, including emergency rescue, sightseeing, and aerial photography and surveillance. Without harmful exhaust fumes or excessive noise, the eco-friendly e-volo multicopter is definitely making the possibility of personal flight for the ordinary person a dream come true.

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閱讀暖身
Michael Evans,美國人,和朋友在阿根廷展開釀酒事業。在異地調整適應當地語言及文化,原本就非常不容易,到了2008年主力市場─美國遇上金融海嘯,阿根廷國內嚴重通膨問題更是雪加霜,Michael Evans如何在重重困難中挺進?

進入本文前,請想想以下單字:
(A)蒸發
(B)品酒室
(C)策略

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The Witch Doctor Will See You Now 有請巫醫
by Marcus Maurice
 
Cow urine! Cow urine! Who wants to try some fresh cow urine?
牛尿!牛尿喔!有誰想嚐嚐新鮮的牛尿?
 


  India has long been known as a place of magic and mystery. To Hindus, the cow is the most sacred of all animals, and anything that comes out of it is holy.Normally, milk from cows is drunk for strong teeth and bones, but in India, theelixir of life is cow urine. While that sounds disgusting, cow pee containsphosphatenitrogen, and all sorts of ingredients that many people say help their health. In India, belief in the healing power of the cow is so strong that coughmedicines, ear dropsshampoos, and soaps composed of cow urine are widelyavailable.
  Would you drink a soda if the main ingredient were cow urine? What would you do if you were extremely ill and none of the numerous Western medical treatments that you have tried worked? This is the premise of National Geographic Channel's (NGC's) The Witch Doctor Will See You Now. Author and explorer Piers Gibbon travels to exotic locations to find out if some of the world's ancient and most extreme medical practices have any merit. In each episode, he gets two volunteer patients to try these so-called cure-all remedies to see if theyalleviate their problems.
  While cow urine therapy seems outlandish, it's not the only strange practice that Gibbon and the patients try. In Hong Kong, they eat snake soup and drink field mouse wine at a very famous restaurant. In Cameroon, two patients desperateto get rid of their aches and pains cover themselves in goat's blood before eating the goat to honor it. This month, grasp unfamiliar solutions to health problems on NGC.

 
 
  1. sacred a. 神聖的

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A Cake to Remember  難忘的噁心蛋糕

提示:
  請根據右邊三張連環圖畫的內容,以"Judy had run out of food, so she went out to do some shopping."開頭,寫一篇約120-140字的文章,描述圖中主角所經歷的事件,並提供合理的解釋與結局。


  Judy had run out of food, so she went out to do some shopping. She passed by a bakery and was attracted to the heavenly1 smell coming from inside. Everything looked delicious, so she went into the bakery and bought a couple cupcakes2.

  When Judy wanted to eat something sweet the following day, the cupcakescame to mind. She excitedly took one out of the box from the fridge3. As she wasremoving the wax paper4 from the cupcake, she saw something odd. The surface of the cupcake was covered with green mold5. Immediately, Judy checked the others and found that they had all gone bad. Judy felt sick and swore never to buy anything from that bakery again. She also couldn't help but imagine what would have happened if she had taken a bite of the rotten cupcake without looking at it first. 

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green shoots 說好的春燕呢?

有讀者問,報紙常用燕子說景氣,英文有沒有相對的字眼呢? 之前在Bloomberg看過一篇文章「”Buy China" Pesticide Withers Those Green Shoots(「買中國貨」這劑殺蟲劑讓復甦的經濟枯萎)。「Green shoots」(綠芽)本來是一個園藝詞彙,90年代初經濟蕭條時期,英國財政大臣Norman Lamont在一次會議中表示「The "green shoots" of economic spring are appearing once again.」(經濟的春天就要來臨,「綠芽」又復甦了。) 因此,綠芽一詞衍生出經濟出現復甦跡象的含義,成了熱門詞彙。二十一世紀初的金融危機,綠芽又重新崛起,但這個詞卻遭到不同程度的抵制。  「The term "green shoots", which sprang into the lexicon during the recession of the early 1990s, is back like a weed. Readers agree it must be stomped out.」(紐約證券經紀公司分析師認為,green shoots的本意為植物發芽抽枝,就目前的經濟形勢而言,只微弱成長,相當於植物種子在土地之下的生長,綠芽尚未萌發。多數美國人也認為這個字太簡單,有粉飾太平的意味。) 有沒有更好的詞,把人們現在對經濟成長的渴望一語道破?美國全球經濟頻道CNBC曾經在網上發起投票活動,鼓勵網友提議並評選出最適合替代「green shoots」的表達字彙。選項以及票選結果是: debug 1220 票數最高的一個詞是"meadow muffins"(牛糞、肥料),占總票數的28%。「We could say the market has dropped meadow muffins in hopes of a strong recovery.」 經濟市場已經灑了肥料,繁榮指日可待。這樣說,還滿有創意的吧! 也有人提名"bamboo roots"(竹子的根),因為竹子的根要在地下生長3至5年之後才會破土而出,與當前的經濟形勢不謀而合。(bamboo roots grow underground for 3 to 5 years before they start breaking ground and shooting for the sky!)  還有人提議"auroral arcs"(極光弧)。極光弧特徵是,短暫增亮隨後很快衰減。同樣和「光」有關的是"a lighter shade of gray"(灰色的淡影),意味著微弱的陽光已經照射進來,投下了淡淡的陰影。  而另一個富有創意的詞是"groundhogs"(土撥鼠)。土撥鼠能夠預測春天還有多遠。人們相信,每年2月2日,土撥鼠會走出洞穴,如果天氣晴朗,它看到了自己的影子,就預示著冬天還將持續6個星期;如果烏雲密佈,它看不到自己的影子,就說明春天很快就會到來。 新的一年就快到了,盼望春燕真的很快能飛回來呢! 


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Q:Whatever book that you want to look at will be sent to your office. 這句中的 that 是否正確?

A:這句的意思是「凡是/任何你想看的書都會被送到你的辦公室」,其中的 "that" 使這個原本毫無瑕疵的句子變成不合語法,但這是許多人常犯的錯誤,甚至不少英文教師也沒有察覺其中的錯誤。當一個限定子句前的名詞片語是以關係形容詞 whatever (或 whichever) 來引導時,或者說得「白話」一點,在 whatever (或 whichever) + 名詞 (或名詞片語) + 限定子句的結構中,限定子句前不能有 that (關係代名詞),因為 whatever (或 whichever) 本身的意思就是 "all that" 或 "any that",換言之,它本身已包含了先行詞 + 關係代名詞,所以若再加上 that,就有兩個 that,而變成錯誤的句子結構。同樣地,下面第 1 句使用了 that,所以是錯誤的,必須去掉 that 才正確,如第 2 句。

1. *Whichever book that costs less is fine with us. (只要售價較低的書,我們都歡迎)
2. Whichever book costs less is fine with us.


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經理人必懂的十個關鍵字

全球最大零售商Wal-Mart創辦人Sam Walton,曾經寫下企業成功經營的十大法則。這十條準則中的關鍵字,都是「動詞」。牢牢記住這些動詞,不只要把它們輸入你腦中的英文資料庫,還要落實在每天的經營管理上。

準則一:Commit(投入)
Commit to your business. Believe in it more than anybody else.
全力投入。

準則二:Share(分享)
Share your profits with all your associates, and treat them as partners. In turn, they will treat you as a partner, and together you will all perform beyond your wildest expectations.
和同仁分享利潤,並視他們為夥伴。

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表裡不一的英文字 英文最怕的就是表裡不一的字。 在英文中有一大群看似「主動」,實為「被動」的字。「賣得好」用sell;「由……組成」用comprise;「退讓」用yield to;「委任」用 fall to;「中計」用 fall for……。

在這些中、英文字裡,你看不到一個「被」字,也沒有出現被動(be動詞+過去分詞)用法,但全隱含著被動的意義。 以下,我們就用一些例子來搞定這些表裡不一的英文字。

 1. sell 賣,出售 His debut novel was sold well and continued to top the bestseller list. →His debut novel sold well and continued to top the bestseller list. 他的小說處女作賣得很好,持續穩坐暢銷書冠軍。 

2. comprise 由…組成 The committee is comprised of representatives from the public sectors. →The committee comprises representatives from the public sectors. 委員會由政府部門代表組成。

3. yield to 被迫接受,退讓 In business negotiation, we shouldn’t be forced to accept all the demands from our clients. →In business negotiation, we can’t just yield to all the demands from our clients. 在商務談判中,我們不應該一昧接受客戶的要求。 

4. fall to 被指派,委任 Everyone else on the overworked staff was relieved when the task of handling the new project was assigned to Cindy. →Everyone else on the overworked staff was relieved when the task of handling the new project fell to Cindy. 得知新專案指派給Cindy後,負擔沈重的成員們都鬆了一口氣。 

5. fall for 被欺騙,落入陷阱 We were all deceived by the con artist’s scheme and lost $10,000. →We all fell for the con artist’s scheme and lost $10,000. 我們都中了那騙子的詭計,損失了一萬元美金。 

6. forfeit 被沒收,喪失權利 If you breach the contract, you will be deprived of your deposit. →If you breach the contract, you will forfeit your deposit. 若違約,訂金概不退還。 認清楚這些字後,是不是覺得中英文都跟著好了一點?常把英文和自己的母語比對思考,你也會有一些新奇的小發現!


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Festivals of Ice and Snow 冰與雪的雙重饗宴
The Quebec Winter Carnival and the Harbin International Ice and Snow Festival are great ways to experience winter at its fullest

  Canada is famous for its winter lifestyle, considering the season lasts half the year there. A great example of this is the Quebec Winter Carnival1. The annual festival runs from January 27 to February 12 this year. Quebec is an old city with beautiful historic buildings, and many agree that winter is the best time to visit. The city comes alive in the snow, especially during the winter festival. Visitors to the chilly city can find tons of things to do that will make winter seem like paradise.

  The Carnival boasts a magical ice palace2 made with 9,000 tons of snow in brick3 form, a legendary canoe4 race on the St. Lawrence River, and two night parades which are complete with colorfully entertaining clowns and floats. Other interesting features include a 122-meter ice slide5, snow rafting6, and a giant, life-sized foosball7 game. There is also a dogsled8 race, a thrilling winter event that runs through six kilometers of the city's streets. With more than 20 teams competing, the dogsled race is noisy, fun, and full of great cheer. Even better, artists from around the world come to compete in the snow sculpture competition. It is amazing how these artists can bring snow to life. The Quebec Winter Carnival has everything for the whole family and more. It is without a doubt a great way to experience winter at its fullest.

 
 
 

  有鑒於加拿大的冬季長達半年之久,因此當地以冬天的生活型態聞名於世。魁北克冬季嘉年華會就是這點的極佳佐證之一。這項一年一度的慶典今年將於一月二十七日一直舉辦到二月十二日。魁北克這座古老城市擁有各種美麗的歷史建築,而很多人也認為冬天是最好的造訪時機。這個城市每到了下雪時就會熱鬧起來,尤其是在冬季節慶的時候。探訪這座寒冷城市的遊客可以找到各式各樣的活動,能讓冬天幻化如人間仙境一般。

  這個嘉年華會裡有一棟以重達九千噸的冰磚砌成、如夢似幻的冰上宮殿,還有一場在聖羅倫斯河上舉行的傳奇獨木舟賽,更包括整整兩晚的遊行活動,當中具有各種色彩豐富且娛樂性十足的小丑及花車。其他饒富趣味的特點還包含一座長達一百二十二公尺的冰上溜滑梯、雪上泛舟,以及一個真人尺寸般、極其巨大的手足球遊戲檯。屆時還會有一場狗拉雪橇的比賽,這個刺激冬季活動的六公里賽程會行經魁北克的各大街道。這個共有二十多支隊伍參與的狗拉雪橇比賽不但吵雜有趣,而且還充滿各種歡笑。更棒的是,來自全球的藝術家會齊聚此地在雪雕大賽中一展身手。這些藝術家栩栩如生的雪雕技巧更是令人讚嘆不已。魁北克冬季嘉年華會有著適合一家大小的各種活動。這無疑是一種體驗盛冬的精采方式。

 
 
  1. historic a. 有重大歷史意義的,歷史性的

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  1. 尾端為一個母音字母 (a, e, i, o, u) 再加一個子音字母的字,在加上以母音字母作開頭的字尾 (suffix) 之前,其最後一個子音字母通常要重複,如 stop 變成 stopped, stopping, stopper 和 unstoppable。因此,snip 變成 snipper,但 snipe 變成 sniper。
  2. 大多數尾端為兩個子音字母的字,在加上以母音字母作開頭的字尾之前,其最後一個子音字母通常不重複,如 print 變成 printed, printing 和 printer。
  3. 若字尾是以子音字母 (而非母音字母) 作開頭,那麼基本字 (base word - 又叫做字根 root word) 維持不變,如 ship 變成 shipment,clap 變成 claptrap。
  4. 雙音節和更多音節的字,若其重音是在最後一個音節,那麼該字在加上以母音字母作開頭的字尾之前,其最後一個子音字母通常要重複,如 infer 變成 inferred 和 inferring。
  5. 但重音在最後一個音節的雙音節字,若其所加的字尾是以子音字母作開頭,那麼其最後一個子音字母不重複,如 regret 變成 regretting,但變成 regretful。
  6. 重音在最後一個音節但尾端是兩個子音字母或一個母音字母的雙音節字,其最後一個子音字母不重複,如 predict 變成 predicting 和 predicted;reduce 變成 reducer 和 reduced。
  7. 最後一個字母為 -c 的字,在加上以母音字母作開頭的字尾之前,通常要先加一個 k,如 panic 變成 panicking;picnic 變成 picnicked;traffic 變成 trafficked, trafficking;bivouac 變成 bivouacking, bivouacked。
  8. 一個音節以上的字,若其最後一個字母為子音字母,尤其是 -l,英式英語通常 (並非總是) 重複此字母,但美式英語通常不重複。例如:

美式英語

英式英語

canceled, cancelled

cancelled

crueler, cruelest

crueller, cruellest

dueled

duelled

jeweler

jeweller

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國人喜歡喝酒,不僅自己喝,也勸別人喝 (勸酒);勸酒就是強迫別人喝酒,英文叫做 force others to drink。不過,說也奇怪,既然喜歡杯中物,為何划酒拳時,是輸的人喝酒而不是贏的人喝呢? 而且必須 Bottoms up! (乾杯,杯底不要養金魚)。好朋友一起喝酒,往往還未動筷吃菜就先乾三杯,"Cheers" 之聲不絕於耳。英文中稱酒喝很多的人是 heavy drinkers (就像菸抽很多的癮君子叫做 heavy smokers),而形容一個人喝很多酒、很會喝酒是 drink like a fish,即牛飲、海量。

有些人散盡家財於觥籌交錯中,弄得家庭失和、妻離子散;有些人則因喝酒,把健康的身體搞壞了,不是男性雄風不再,就是肝臟功能全毀,抑或兩者都有。因此,有人發誓從此「滴酒不沾」了,"I don’t want to drink anything with alcohol.",千萬別只說 "I don’t want to drink anything.",否則別人可能誤以為你連水、咖啡、果汁都不喝了。

有些人妻管嚴,凡事都在妻子嚴格的掌控中,弄得「起毛不揚」,心情經常處於鬱卒狀態,只好借酒澆愁。此時,你可以說 "My wife drives me to drink.",這句話的意思不是「我太太載我去喝酒」( 天下沒有這麼好的事情),而是「我太太逼得我借酒消愁」。

曾經看過一本有關國際禮儀的書,提到喝酒的國際禮儀是 "After toasting the first drink, you drink yours, and I drink mine.",意思是說「敬完第一杯酒後接下來都是你喝你的,我喝我的」。

西方人士將酒大致分成三類:1. liquor 烈酒,包括 brandy 白蘭地、whiskey 威士忌、vodka 伏特加和 tequila 龍舌蘭等;2. beer 啤酒;3. wine 葡萄酒和水果酒。另外,我們也要瞭解 cocktail 是雞尾酒、mixed drink 是調酒、liqueur 是利口酒 (具甜味而芳香的烈酒) — 值得注意的是,liquor 和 liqueur 的拼字和發音都相近,前者重音在第一音節,後者在第二音節,有興趣的人可到韋氏線上辭典 Merriam-Webster Online 查查它們的發音。若要瞭解所有酒類及相關用語的英文,可參閱網路翻譯家專業詞彙彙整單元的「烈酒和葡萄酒 (Liquor and Wine)」。相信下一次上高級餐廳時,你就能完全看懂 wine list (酒類一覽表)了。


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Q:我看到 I wouldn't like you to think that I was being unfair. 這樣的句子,請問 I was unfair 和 I was being unfair 意義上有何不同?


A:英文中有所謂的 "stative verbs" (狀態動詞) 和 "dynamic verbs" (動態動詞),stative verbs 不可有進行式,反之,dynamic verbs 則可。be 動詞雖屬於 stative verbs,但當形容詞是在描述動作或行為 (actions or behaviors) 時,我們通常使用 「be + being + 形容詞」的句型。這種用法頗為常見。請看下面的例句:

  • You’re being silly / foolish / childish when you do such silly / foolish / childish things. (當你在做這種愚蠢/幼稚的事情時,你的行為真是愚蠢/幼稚)
  • I was walking on tiptoe and being very careful not to wake the baby. (我踮著腳走路,小心翼翼地不要讓我的動作吵醒嬰兒)

如果形容詞是在描述或表達「情感」(feelings)、「心理狀態」(mental states) 或「情緒反應」(emotional reactions),我們通常使用「be + 形容詞」的句型。請看下面的例句:

  • I was upset / worried when I heard that they would have to operate on John’s knee. (當我聽到他們必須為約翰的膝蓋開刀時,我憂心忡忡)
  • I am delighted to hear that you have passed all your exams. (我很高興聽到你已通過所有考試)

問題中的句子 I wouldn’t like you to think that I was being unfair. (我不希望你認為我處事不公) 所講的是行為、動作、措施或作法,不是情感、心理狀態或情緒反應。


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Q:He owns a farm, mansion, orchard, and estate. 這句有四個名詞,但只有 farm 的前面有不定冠詞 a,這樣對嗎? 因為 orchard 和 estate 的前面須用 an。


A:He owns a farm, mansion, orchard, and estate. (他有一座農場、一棟豪宅、一座果園和一座莊園) 這句不合英文語法,因為 orchard 和 estate 的前面須用 an。所以,此一系列名詞的前面都要加上適當的冠詞,即 He owns a farm, a mansion, an orchard, and an estate.。

不過,若句中一系列名詞都使用相同的冠詞,那麼就可以僅在第一個名詞的前面加上冠詞,其餘名詞前面的冠詞皆省略,以合乎簡潔的原則,如 He owns a car, yacht, house, and company. (他有一部車、一艘遊艇、一棟房子和一家公司)。

茲將上述所牽涉的文法觀念詳述如下:在一系列名詞中,冠詞或介系詞可以只加在第一個名詞的前面,但前提是這個冠詞或介系詞須適用於每個名詞,而且不能有的名詞前面加冠詞或介系詞,有的前面不加,否則每個名詞的前面都要加上適當的冠詞或介系詞。例如:

  • In spring, summer, or in winter (誤)
  • In spring, summer, or winter (正)
  • In spring, in summer, or in winter (正)
  • The French, the Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese (誤)
  • The French, Italians, Spanish, and Portuguese (正)
  • The French, the Italians, the Spanish, and the Portuguese (正)

總之,對於由一系列名詞或名詞片語所構成的句子,除了要使平行結構的元素在文法上對仗工整外,必要時還必須加上任何可使意思清楚,合乎文法規則或習慣用法的字,如冠詞、介系詞或動狀詞等。


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Q:所有動物都可以用 he 或 she 來指稱嗎?

A:我們可以用 he 或 she 來指吾人所飼養的寵物。事實上,英美人士幾乎都是這樣用。他們不僅用 he 或 she 來指自己的寵物,而且在第一次見到別人的寵物時也都使用 he 或 she。譬如說,某甲在公園見到一隻狗,即使他並不知道那隻狗是公的還是母的,他亦可能這樣問狗主人:"What a lovely dog, how old is he?" (好可愛的狗哦,他多大啦?),因為 "How old is it?" 的說法是很不禮貌的。

至於野生動物,我們通常使用 it 這個代名詞來指稱。譬如說,你跟你太太在公園散步聊天,忽然看見樹上有隻松鼠,你可以指著松鼠對她說:"Can you see that squirrel? It’s in the big tree over there." (你有看到那隻松鼠嗎? 牠就在那邊的大樹上)。

然而,有些人有時可能使用 he 或 she 來指野生動物,如在馬戲團或野生動物表演節目中,表演者或主持人可能用 he 或 she 來指出場表演的動物。再者,在文學作品中,作者可能用 he 或 she 來指作品中的動物,因為各該動物也是作品中的「角色」。

我們之所以使用 he 或 she 來指寵物、野生動物或表演用的動物,主要目的就是將動物擬人化 (personalize)。不過,將寵物擬人化是日常生活慣用的禮貌性作法,而將野生動物擬人化則是文學常用的風格。


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Q:no 接可數名詞時,該名詞要用複數還是單數?

A. 一般而言,no 後面若接可數名詞,該名詞通常使用複數型,因為這比單數型要來得自然多了,不會顯得蹩腳。例如:

  • No road accidents were reported in Pescadores throughout August. (整個八月澎湖皆未傳出道路意外事故)
  • No dogs are allowed in the restaurant. (這家餐廳不允許攜狗入內)

不過,視個人心中所想的數量 (一個或多個) 而定,no 有時可接單數或複數名詞。例如:

  • It was 10 a.m., yet there was no policeman on duty outside the bank. (時間已是早上十點,但銀行外面仍無警察值勤)
  • It was 10 a.m., yet there were no policemen on duty outside the bank.
  • In the baseball game last Sunday, no players hit a home run. (在上週日的棒球比賽中,沒有任何球員擊出全壘打)
  • In the baseball game last Sunday, no player hit a home run.
  • In the baseball game last Sunday, not a single player hit a home run.

再者,有時單複數混用會比較自然。例如:

  • He must lead a lonely life: He has no wife and no children. (他一定過著孤寂的生活:他無妻無子) - 男人通常只有一個太太,但往往有一個以上的小孩。

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